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Kingdom of Sardinia

2011-09-17T23:36:00.000-07:00

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

This article deals with the entire history of the kingdom of Sardinia. For the Savoyard kingdom of 1720–1861, see Piedmont-Sardinia. For the earlier kingdom, see Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica.

Kingdom of Sardinia
Regno di Sardegna (it)
Regn 'd Sardëgna (pms)
Regnu Sardu (srd)

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←

1297–1861

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Flag (1816–1848)	Coat of arms

Kingdom of Sardinia in 1815: Mainland Piedmont with Savoy, Nice, Genoa and the island of Sardinia.

Capital

Cagliari, Turin

Language(s)

Italian, Sardinian, French, Piedmontese, Occitan

Religion

Roman Catholicism

Government

Monarchy

King

- 1297-1327

James II of Aragon

- 1849–61

Victor Emmanuel II

Legislature

Stamenti (until 1848)

- Upper house

Subalpine Senate (since 1848)

- Lower house

Chamber of Deputies (since 1848)

History

- In Rome, James II of Aragon is crowned King of Sardinia by Pope Boniface VIII

April 04 1297

- Battle of Lucocisterna

Febbruary 29, 1324

- Battle of Sanluri,

June 30, 1409

- Treaty of The Hague

Febbruary 20, 1720

- Constitution

March 4, 1848

- Italian unification

March 17, 1861

Population

- 1859 est.

4,650,368

Currency

Piedmontese scudo (Mainland, 1720–1800)
Sardinian scudo (Island, 1720–1821)
Sardinian lira (1816–1861)

The Kingdom of Sardinia consisted of the island of Sardinia first as a part of the Crown of Aragon and subsequently the Spanish Empire (1297–1720),^[1] and second as a part of the composite state of the House of Savoy (1720–1861). Its capital was originally Cagliari, in the south of the island, and later Turin, on the mainland. The kingdom was formed by Pope Boniface VIII from a papal claim to the islands of Corsica and Sardinia in 1297 and bestowed, as a vassal of the Holy See, on James II of Aragon.^[1] It was not until 1324 that James launched a military campaign to take control of his kingdom, and not until 1410 that the last native resisters fell. In 1416 the first of a long line of viceroys was appointed, and in 1420 the last competing claim to the island was bought out.

From 1516 the Aragonese and by extension the Sardinian crown were in personal union with the Kingdom of Castile and thus formed a part of the much larger Spanish Empire.^[1] During this period the Spanish language was introduced for administration. In 1713, following the War of the Spanish Succession, the Kingdom of Sardinia was ceded to the Habsburgs by the Treaty of Utrecht, effectively a consolation prize for the loss of their Spanish kingdoms. By the same treaty Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy, received the Kingdom of Sicily, supplying him with the coveted royal rank.^[2] By 1720 the balance of power had shifted again and the House of Savoy was forced to exchange Sicily with the Habsburgs for Sardinia (Treaty of The Hague). At that time the Kingdom of Sardinia refers to the states of the House of Savoy from 1720 or 1723 onwards (also known as Piedmont-Sardinia), following the award of the crown of Sardinia to King Victor Amadeus II of Savoy under the Treaty of The Hague (1720).
After 1720 the kingdom became a composite state and besides Sardinia included Duchy of Savoy, Piedmont, Nice, Duchy of Aosta, Duchy of Monferrato, Vercelli and Asti, the Marquisate of Saluzzo and part of the Duchy of Milan; Ligurian Republic, including Genoa, was added by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Officially, the nation's name was Kingdom of Sardinia;^[1] the House of Savoy maintaining a national claim to the thrones of Cyprus and Jerusalem, although both had long been under Ottoman rule and never conquered (the title was merely a formal title). In 1860, Nice and Savoy were ceded to France in return for French consent and assistance in Italian unification. In 1861, the Kingdom of Sardinia became the founding state of the new Kingdom of Italy, annexing all other Italian states. The Kingdom thus continued in legal continuity with the actual Italian state, to which it transferred all its institutions first to Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) and after to Italian Republic.^[1]

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2011-09-17T23:25:00.000-07:00

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History of Sardinia

2011-09-17T22:58:00.000-07:00

This articel from Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia

[hide]

Spanish rule (1297–1720)

Main article: History of Sardinia

Crown of Aragon (1297–1479)

Main article: Crown of Aragon

In 1297, Pope Boniface VIII, intervening between the Houses of Anjou and Aragon in the war called Sicilian Vespers, established on paper a Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae that would be a fief of the Papacy (in the island, however, already existed native state entities). Then the Pope offered his newly-invented fief to James II of Aragon, promising him papal support should he wish to conquer Pisan Sardinia in exchange for Sicily. In 1323 James II formed an alliance with Hugh II of Arborea and, following a military campaign which lasted a year or so, occupied the Pisan territories of Cagliari and Gallura along with Sassari, claiming the territory as the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica.

Aragon in the 15th century.

In 1347 Aragon made war on Genoa (who owned large areas of the Logudoro) then, starting from 1353, fought with the arborean leader Marianus IV, of the Cappai de Bas family, but did not reduce the last of the autochthonous giudicati (indigenous kingdoms of Sardinia) until 1409 when the Sardinian hopes of expel the Aragonese from the island vanished due to the heavy defeat at the Battle of Sanluri. In 1420, after the exstintion of the Giudicato of Arborea, the Aragonese conquest of Sardinia was completed and the royal territory for the first time after almost a century of wars, coincided with that of the entire island. The Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica retained its separate character as part of the Crown of Aragon and was not merely incorporated into the Kingdom of Aragon. At the time of his struggles with Arborea, Peter IV of Aragon granted an autonomous legislature to the Kingdom, which had one of Europe's most advanced legal traditions. The Kingdom was governed in the king's name by a viceroy. When in 1409, Martin the Younger, king of Sicily and heir to Aragon, defeated the last Sardinian giudicato but then died in Cagliari of malaria, without issue, Sardinia passed with the Crown of Aragon to a united Spain. Corsica, which had never been conquered, was dropped from the formal title.
The loss of the autochthonous' independence, the firm Aragonese (later Spanish) rule, with the introduction of a sterile feudalism, as well as the discovery of the Americas, provoked an unstoppable decline of Kingdom of Sardinia. A short period of resurgence occurred under the local noble Leonardo de Alagon, marquess of Oristano, who managed to defeat the viceroy's army in the 1470s but was later crushed at the Battle of Macomer (1478), ending any further hope of independence for the island.

Spanish Empire (1479–1700)

Main article: Spanish Empire

Unceasing attacks from North African pirates and a series of plagues (from 1582, 1652 and 1655) worsened the situation on the island early in the reign of the Catholic Monarchs.

Sardinia between two powers (1700–1720)

Main article: Kingdom of Sardinia (1700–1720)

The Spanish domination of Sardinia ended at the beginning of the 18th century, as a result of War of the Spanish succession. By the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, Spain's European empire was divided: Savoy received Sicily and parts of the Duchy of Milan, while Charles VI (the Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria), received the Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, Sardinia, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan. In 1718, by the Treaty of London among the great powers, Victor Amadeus II, duke of Savoy and sovereign of Piedmont, was forced to yield Sicily to the Austrian Habsburgs and in exchange received Sardinia. Two years later, on Aug. 24, 1720, he formally took possession of the island.

Map of the Kingdom of Sardinia

The Spanish domination of Sardinia ended at the beginning of the 18th century, as a result of War of the Spanish succession. By the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, Spain's European empire was divided: Savoy received Sicily and parts of the Duchy of Milan, while Charles VI (the Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria), received the Spanish Netherlands, the Kingdom of Naples, Sardinia, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan.
During the War of the Quadruple Alliance, Victor Amadeus II, duke of Savoy and sovereign of Piedmont, had to agree to yield Sicily to the Austrian Habsburgs and receive Sardinia in exchange. The exchange was formally ratified in the Treaty of The Hague of February 17, 1720. Because a kingdom of Sardinia had existed since the 14th century, the exchange allowed Victor Amadeus to retain the title of king in spite of the loss of Sicily.^[3]^[4] Victor Amadeus initially resisted the exchange, and until 1723 continued to style himself King of Sicily rather than King of Sardinia.^[5]

Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy (1553-80), called Ironhead.

Savoyard rule (1720–1861)

Main article: Piedmont-Sardinia

Early history of Piedmont

Main article: Duchy of Savoy

Piedmont was inhabited in early historic times by Celtic-Ligurian tribes such as the Taurini and the Salassi. They later submitted to the Romans (c. 220 BC), who founded several colonies there including Augusta Taurinorum (Turin) and Eporedia (Ivrea). After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the region was repeatedly invaded by the Burgundians, the Goths (5th century), Byzantines, Lombards (6th century), Franks (773). In the 9th-10th centuries there were further incursions by the Magyars and Saracens. At the time Piedmont, as part of the Kingdom of Italy within the Holy Roman Empire, was subdivided into several marks and counties.
In 1046, Oddo of Savoy added Piedmont to their main segment of Savoy, with a capital at Chambéry (now in France). Other areas remained independent, such as the powerful communes of Asti and Alessandria and the marquisates of Saluzzo and Montferrat. The County of Savoy was elevated to a duke in 1416, and Duke Emanuele Filiberto moved the seat to Turin in 1563.

King Charles Albert

Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna

In 1792 Piedmont-Sardinia joined the First Coalition against the French First Republic, but was beaten in 1796 by Napoleon and forced to conclude the disadvantageous Treaty of Paris (1796), giving the French army free passage through Piedmont. On December 6, 1798 Joubert occupied Turin and forced Charles Emmanuel IV to abdicate and leave for the island of Sardinia. The provisionary government voted to unite Piedmont with France. In 1799 the Austro-Russians briefly occupied the city, but with the Battle of Marengo (1800), the French regained control. The island of Sardinia stayed out of the reach of the French for the rest of the war.
In 1814 the kingdom was restored and enlarged with the addition of the former Republic of Genoa, now a duchy, and it served as a buffer state against France. This was confirmed by the Congress of Vienna. In the reaction after Napoleon, the country was ruled by conservative monarchs: Victor Emmanuel I (1802–21), Charles Felix (1821–31) and Charles Albert (1831–49), who fought at the head of a contingent of his own troops at the Battle of Trocadero, which set the reactionary Ferdinand VII on the Spanish throne. Victor Emanuel I disbanded the entire Code Napoléon and returned the lands and power to the nobility and the Church. This reactionary policy went as far as discouraging the use of roads built by the French. These changes typified Piedmont. The Kingdom of Sardinia industrialized from 1830 onward. A constitution, the Statuto Albertino, was enacted in the year of revolutions, 1848, under liberal pressure, and under the same pressure Charles Albert declared war on Austria. After initial success the war took a turn for the worse and Charles Albert was defeated by Marshal Radetzky at Custozza.

Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour

Risorgimento

Main article: Italian unification

Like all of Italy, the Kingdom of Sardinia was troubled with political instability, under alternating governments. After a very short and disastrous renewal of the war with Austria in 1849, Charles Albert abdicated on March 23, 1849, in favour of his son Victor Emmanuel II.
In 1852 a liberal ministry under Count Camillo Benso di Cavour was installed, and the Kingdom of Sardinia became the engine driving the Italian Unification. The Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont) took part in the Crimean War, allied with the Ottoman Empire, Britain, and France, and fighting against Russia.
In 1859 France sided with the Kingdom of Sardinia in a war against Austria, the Austro-Sardinian War. Napoleon III didn't keep his promises to Cavour to fight until all of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia had been conquered. Following the bloody battles of Magenta and Solferino, both French victories, Napoleon thought the war too costly to continue and made a separate peace behind Cavour's back in which only Lombardy would be ceded. Due to the Austrian government's refusal to cede any lands to the Kingdom of Sardinia, they agreed to cede Lombardy to Napoleon who in turn then ceded the territory to the Kingdom of Sardinia to avoid 'embarrassing' the defeated Austrians. Cavour angrily resigned from office when it became clear that Victor Emmanuel would accept the deal.

King Victor Emmanuel II meets Garibaldi in Teano (October 26, 1860)

Garibaldi and the Thousand

On March 5, 1860 Parma, Tuscany, Modena, and Romagna voted in referendums to join the Kingdom of Sardinia. This alarmed Napoleon who feared a strong Savoyard state on his southeastern border and he insisted that if the Kingdom of Sardinia were to keep the new acquisitions they would have to cede Savoy and Nice to France. This was done after dubious referendums showed over 99.5% majorities in both areas in favour of joining France.
In 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi started his campaign to conquer southern Italy in the name of the Kingdom of Sardinia. He quickly toppled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and marched to Gaeta. Cavour was actually the most satisfied with the unification while Garibaldi wanted to conquer Rome. Garibaldi was too revolutionary for the king and his prime minister.

Towards Kingdom of Italy

On March 17, 1861 the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed by the Parliament, so ratifying the annexations of all other Italian states to Piedmont. The institutions and laws of the Kingdom were quickly extended to all Italy, brutally abolishing the administrations of the other regions. Piedmont would become the most dominant and wealthiest region in Italy and the capital of Piedmont, Turin, would remain the Italian capital until 1865 when the capital was moved to Florence; but in contrast, many revolts exploded through the peninsula, especially in Southern Italy. The House of Savoy would rule Italy until 1946 when Italy was declared a republic.

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Activists: Syrian soldiers kill 4 protesters

2011-09-16T18:00:00.005-07:00

By BASSEM MROUE - Associated Press

BEIRUT (AP) — Syrian security forces opened fire at protesters who streamed into the streets after Friday prayers, hours after troops killed at least four people in raids in the central province of Hama, activists said.
The activists said there was no immediate word on casualties regarding the shooting at protesters after the prayers. The Syrian opposition called for protests Friday, labeling it, "we will continue until we bring down the regime."
The London-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said intense shooting was heard around the Rawda mosque in the eastern city of Deir el-Zour. It added that forces opened fire at protesters outside a mosque in the Damascus suburb of Daraya.
Syria-based rights activist Mustafa Osso said thousands poured into the streets of predominantly Kurdish northeastern towns such as Qamishli, Amouda, and Derbasiyeh.
The observatory said that raids earlier Friday in the central province of Hama left at least four people dead and 11 wounded.
State-run TV said a policeman was killed and four wounded Friday when they came under fire in the village of Busra Hariri in the southern province of Daraa, where the protests sparked six months ago.
A popular uprising began in Syria in mid-March, amid a wave of anti-government protests in the Arab world that have already toppled autocrats in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya. President Bashar Assad has reacted with deadly force that the U.N. estimates has left some 2,600 people dead.
Syria has disputed accounts of civilian deaths and says the regime is fighting terrorists and thugs — not true reform seekers. A senior Assad adviser, Buthaina Shaaban, said Monday that the toll was really 1,400 — evenly split between security forces and the opposition.
___
Bassem Mroue can be reached at http://twitter.com/bmroue

History of the Internet

2011-09-16T17:46:00.000-07:00

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The history of the Internet starts in the 1950s and 1960s with the development of computers. This began with point-to-point communication between mainframe computers and terminals, expanded to point-to-point connections between computers and then early research into packet switching. Packet switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, where multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks.
In 1982 the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized and the concept of a world-wide network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the Internet was introduced. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) developed the Computer Science Network (CSNET) and again in 1986 when NSFNET provided access to supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Commercial internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s and 1990s and the Internet was commercialized in 1995 when NSFNET was decommissioned, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic.
Since the mid-1990s the Internet has had a drastic impact on culture and commerce, including the rise of near instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) "phone calls", two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. The research and education community continues to use advanced networks such as NSF's very high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) and Internet2. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information and knowledge, commerce, entertainment and social networking.

It is estimated that in 1993 the Internet carried only 1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunication, by 2000 this figure had grown to 51%, and by 2007 more than 97% of all telecommunicated information was carried over the internet.

for more details see :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet

MOTIVATION AND SUGESSTION

2011-09-16T17:43:00.000-07:00

Created by SARDI IRFANSYAH

yakinlah apa yang kita kerjakan akan berhasil.

sure, what we are doing will succeed.

rest assured that we do will succeed.

وأكد أن بقية نفعل ستنجح

sich darauf verlassen, dass wir Erfolg haben

残りは我々が成功するかと確信

mohon, jangan melakukan kekerasan, selesaikanlah masalah dengan diskusi sebelumnya.

please, do not commit violence, finish the problem with prior discussion.

من فضلك، لا ارتكاب العنف، والانتهاء من المشكلة مع مناقشة مسبقة

bitte nicht verpflichten Gewalt beenden das Problem mit vorheriger Diskussion

por favor, no cometer actos de violencia, acabado el problema con la discusión previa.

Terus berusaha untuk mencapai cita-cita.
yakinlah, setiap masalah dapat diselesaikan

Keep trying to achieve goal.
rest assured, every problem can be resolved

تحاول أن تبقي لتحقيق المثل العليا.
تطمئن، يمكن حل كل مشكلة

Halten Sie versuchen Ziel zu erreichen.
Seien Sie versichert, jedes Problem gelöst werden

seguir tratando de alcanzar los ideales.
estar seguro, todos los problemas se pueden resolver

Selalu belajar untuk selalu mengerti

Always studying for always understanding

دراسة لفهم دائما دائما

Immer das Studium für immer Verständnis

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إذا كنت تريد أن تعطي الدافع للآخرين، وإعطاء تعليقاتك على هذا الموقع.

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Q+A: The implications of the Palestinian U.N. drive

2011-09-16T17:19:00.000-07:00

By Crispian Balmer and Lou Charbonneau

(Reuters) - Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas said on Friday he would request recognition of a fully-fledged Palestinian state at the United Nations when he goes to the world body next week, defying fierce opposition from Israel and the United States.
Here are some of the reasons behind the push as well as some of the possible consequences.
WHY DO THE PALESTINIANS WANT TO GO TO THE UNITED NATIONS?
Abbas says 20 years of U.S.-led peace talks have got nowhere and wants a vote in the United Nations to bestow the Palestinians with the cherished mantle of statehood. However, he recognizes that negotiations with Israel will still be needed to establish a properly functioning state.
Justifying the move, the Palestinians point to the success of a Western-backed, two-year plan to build institutions ready for statehood which they say is now finished.
THE PALESTINIANS WANT RECOGNITION ON 1967 LINES. WHY?
The Palestinian Authority (PA) says placing their state firmly in the context of territory seized by Israel in the 1967 war will provide clear terms of reference and mean Israel will no longer be able to call the land "disputed." Instead, it will make clear it is occupied. Israel fears this will enable Palestinians to start legal proceedings in the International Criminal Court (ICC) against some 500,000 Israelis who live in East Jerusalem and the West Bank.
HOW DOES THE U.N. ADMIT NEW MEMBER STATES?
Countries seeking to join the United Nations usually present an application to the U.N. secretary-general, who passes it to the Security Council to assess and vote on. If the 15-nation council approves the membership request, it is passed to the General Assembly for approval. A membership request needs a two-thirds majority, or 129 votes, for approval.
A country cannot join the United Nations unless both the Security Council and General Assembly approve its application.
COULD THE PALESTINIANS JOIN THE U.N.?
In theory, yes. But Washington has made clear it would veto such a request, meaning it has no chance of success. Even if the Palestinians secured a two-thirds majority of votes in the General Assembly, there is no getting around the need for prior approval of the Security Council.
IS "NON-MEMBER STATE" STATUS AN OPTION?
In addition to applying to become a full U.N. member state, the Palestinians could also seek upgraded observer status as a non-member state. That is what the Vatican has. Such status, U.N. envoys say, could be interpreted as implicit U.N. recognition of Palestinian statehood because the assembly would be acknowledging that the Palestinians control an actual state.
The advantage of this option is that it would require only a simple majority of the 193-nation General Assembly, not a two-thirds majority. Abbas said on Friday that more than 126 states already recognize the state of Palestine, meaning he could probably win such a vote with ease.
WHAT WOULD BE THE ADVANTAGE OF THAT?
Besides granting them the all-important title "state," diplomats say it might enable the Palestinians to join the ICC, from which it could pursue legal cases against Israel over the partial blockade of Gaza or the settlements.
ARE THERE ANY DISADVANTAGES FOR THE PALESTINIANS?
There are potential pitfalls. For example, Israel could counter sue the Palestinians in the ICC over missiles fired at it out of Gaza, which is run by the Hamas Islamist group.
Some critics have warned of legal consequences for the Palestinians themselves, arguing the move could jeopardize the rights of refugees in the Palestinian diaspora and the status of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Others have dismissed those arguments.
Also, the U.N. vote will not change things on the ground in the Palestinian territories -- a reality which could further undermine the standing of the Palestinian leadership when the dust settles. Some Israelis have warned disappointment could fuel anti-Israeli violence and even spark a new Intifada. PA officials have dismissed that prospect.
COULD ISRAEL OR WASHINGTON EXACT PUNISHMENT ON THE PA?
Israeli officials have suggested a range of possible measures, including limiting travel privileges for Palestinian leaders seeking to exit the West Bank, halting the transfer of crucial tax revenues to the Palestinians and even annexing West Bank settlement blocs to try to sidestep ICC legal action. Some U.S. officials have warned that they might cut their annual aid to the Palestinian Authority, which runs to some $450 million. It is far from clear if they will enact these threats. Depriving the PA of funds, for example, would rapidly push it to financial collapse, which would provoke instability. In the case of bankruptcy, some leading Palestinians argue that the PA should hand over the keys of the big West Bank cities to Israel and tell it to pay for the on-going occupation.
(Writing by Crispian Balmer and Lou Charbonneau)

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2010-10-27T00:08:00.000-07:00

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creation, motivation and information

Kingdom of Sardinia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

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History of Sardinia

This articel from Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia

Contents

Spanish rule (1297–1720)

Crown of Aragon (1297–1479)

Spanish Empire (1479–1700)

Sardinia between two powers (1700–1720)

Savoyard rule (1720–1861)

Early history of Piedmont

Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna

Risorgimento

Garibaldi and the Thousand

Towards Kingdom of Italy

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Activists: Syrian soldiers kill 4 protesters

History of the Internet

MOTIVATION AND SUGESSTION

Keep trying to achieve goal.rest assured, every problem can be resolvedتحاول أن تبقي لتحقيق المثل العليا.تطمئن، يمكن حل كل مشكلة

seguir tratando de alcanzar los ideales.estar seguro, todos los problemas se pueden resolver

Always studying for always understanding

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if you need advice or motivation, give your comments on this site.if you want to give motivation to others, give your comments on this site.

Q+A: The implications of the Palestinian U.N. drive

Sardi Irfansyah

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my bank : bank Mandiri syariahaccount number: 3410002985

بلدي البنك : بنك مانديري رقم الحساب : 3410002985

bank saya: bank mandiri syariahnomor rekening: 3410002985

my bank : bank Mandiri syariah
account number: 3410002985

my bank : bank Mandiri syariah
account number: 3410002985

This articel from Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia

my bank : bank Mandiri syariah
account number: 3410002985

Keep trying to achieve goal.
rest assured, every problem can be resolved

تحاول أن تبقي لتحقيق المثل العليا.
تطمئن، يمكن حل كل مشكلة

seguir tratando de alcanzar los ideales.
estar seguro, todos los problemas se pueden resolver

my bank : bank Mandiri syariah
account number: 3410002985

بلدي البنك : بنك مانديري
رقم الحساب : 3410002985

bank saya: bank mandiri syariah
nomor rekening: 3410002985

if you need advice or motivation, give your comments on this site.
if you want to give motivation to others, give your comments on this site.

my bank : bank Mandiri syariah
account number: 3410002985

بلدي البنك : بنك مانديري
رقم الحساب : 3410002985

bank saya: bank mandiri syariah
nomor rekening: 3410002985